eFarsi - A Transliteration Scheme for Persian

Version 0.01

by

Jalal Maleki and Irandokht Salehi
Department of Computer and Information Science
Linköping University
S-581 83 Linköping
Sweden

Email: jma@ida.liu.se

Section 1: Background and Introduction

This article introduces the initial version (0.01) of a transliteration Scheme and also an alphabet for writing Persian text. The reason for introducing this scheme is manifold. The main reason for suggesting this scheme is that there are many people who are able to speak Persian but they haven't had the possibility of learning the Persian script. There are also many Farsi speakers that do not have access to Persian fonts on their computers and if you have had email contacts in Persian, you know why some sort of standard in this respect will be useful. Furthermore, at our department we needed a large body of parallel text in Persian and English, and therefore, after some initial search we realised we have to construct this body of text ourselves. Since it is more practical to process text in the latin script we decided to use eFarsi.

We hope that this transliteration scheme will facilitate communication between Farsi speakers. Please write to us and tell us what you think about this scheme. Remember also that it is by no means our intention to suggest this as a replacement for the beautiful Persian script that is deeply rooted in our culture. Furthermore, we consider improvements of this scheme as natural; please write to us and tell us what you think.

We begin by introducing the transliteration alphabet. This alphabet does not introduce any major changes to what people already use. Major fundamental changes in the alphabet is not necessary but may come in future. However, the main point of the schema we are proposing is not the choice of an alphabet but a few convetions that improve what many people already use.

You may wish to jump to the examples at the end directly and learn the scheme through studying them.

As you see, some letters have been assigned multiple transliterations. Correct choice between these alternatives can only be made by studying the context.

There is some redundancy in the alphabet:

â and aa are equivalent.
x and kh are equivalent.
c and ch are equivalent.
q and gh are equivalent.
u and oo are equivalent.

We haven't made the selection between these because we would like future use of this scheme to show us which alternative prevails.

Some aspects of the traditional Persian script can be characterized as follows:

• absence of vowels. Persian script lacks vowels. In principle the accents of the Arabic script (zir, zebar, sokon, etc.) are meant for the same purpose as vowels, but in practice these are almost always left out
• the same sound is represented by several different letters, such as the sound z (represented by the letters ze, zâl, zâd, zâ), the sound s (represented by the letters se, seen, sâd) and so on.
• several different sounds are represented by the same letter, for example, the occurrence of the letter vâv in the words: to (you), ru (on, above), vali (but), rowshan (bright)

Here, o, u, v and ow are all used to transliterate single occurrences of the letter vâv. There are similar cases in English, the letter s, for example, in the words: choose (z), vision (zh), mass (s), tension (sh).

Section 2: General Characteristics of eFarsi

Here is a brief list of the general characteristics of the alphabet we are suggesting.

• eFarsi transliteration uses Latin alphabet and is written from left to right
• eFarsi is primarily based on pronunciation, in other words, whatever is written is pronounced, and vice versa. At the same time we have tried to minimize the number of characters which has meant minor compromises.
• In general, each letter corresponds to one sound
• Numbers are written in Latin
• Capitalization rules are like English
• the punctuation follows the English language punctuation. See the following links: http://www.sta.cathedral.org/lowerschool/form1/Eng1JAVwww/Grammar/punctRules.html
  http://advertising.utexas.edu/research/style/.

eFarsi alphabet with examples

Vowels

1. long vowels

â   as the a in father
i   as the ea in reach
u   as the oo in soon

2. short vowels

a   as the a in cat
e   as the e in net
o   as the oo in good

3. diphthong

ow  as in the English word "no".

    Mowlânâ (Persian poet Rumi)
    Nowruz (Iranian new year)
    gowdâl (hole in the ground)
    gowhar (Precious stone)
    Xosrow (Iranian name for boys)
    owqât (plural of vaght (time))
    fowri (immediately)

Consonants

This section provides some examples that indicate the correct pronunciation of the consonants. There are three consonants in Farsi (x/kh, q/gh, and ' as it is shown in phonetic alphabet) that have unfamiliar sounds to English-speakers.

b    as in bird
p    as in play
t    as in table
s    as in sound
j    as in jar
c/ch as in child
h    as in house
x/kh

    this sound no longer exists in English except in Scottish
    dialects, it also occurs in Russian (xarasho), German (achtung),
    Dutch (acht, geweldig), Welsh (Llandadno) and others.

d   as in day
z   as in zero 
r   as in race
zh  as in visual
sh  as in she

q/gh

    q or gh sound is absent in present English. In Arabic and Persian
    q (qâf) and gh (ghayn) are different letters with different
    sounds. In Persian, however, the pronunciations of qâf and
    ghayn are quite similar. Traditionally, they have both been
    transliterated as gh, for example, âghâ (Sir), gharibe (stranger),
    ghorub (sunset).

f   as in fish
k   as in kind
g   as in good
l   as in love
m   as in moon
n   as in note
v   as in van
y   as in year

Section 3: Glottal Stop

In addition to the sounds listed above, there is another sound in Persian which (in Persian script) is either written as. "eyn" or "hamze" (or glottal stop).

You can produce this sound if you try to say the English words better or bottle without pronouncing -tt- sound in the middle (just like many local accents in England). It occures in many dialects of English but does not have a written form in the Latin alphabet. In phonetics, Glottal Stop is denoted by "?", but in eFarsi it is represented by the character single quote (apostrophe) character (').

Glottal stop may appear in the middle of the word, as in mas'ale (problem) and at the end of a word, as in shoru' (beginning). It is not necessary to make Glottal Stop explict at the beginning of a word since the vowels appearing at the beginning of a word enforce the same effect. For example, pronunciation of 'âb is not different from âb (water).

We have also chosen to make the stop between vowels explicit. For example: jâme'e (society), fa'âl (active), so'âl (question). We are not completely sure whether this is necessary, but we let the future practice to show us the way. For the moment we believe that including the "'" at these positions facilitates correct pronunciation for non-Farsi speakers. Some more examples follow.

1. hamze ye miyâni: mo'men (man of god), ta'min (been provided for), mas'ale (problem, quiz)
2. hamze ye pâyâni: ajzâ' (parts), xala' (vacuum)
3. harf e eyn miyâni: me'mâr (architect), ba'dan (later), te'dâd (number)
4. harf e eyn pâyâni: majmu' (sum), shoru' (start), qâte' (decisive)

Section 4: Silent h

Some occurences of the letter hé in Persian are not pronounced. Usually, the h stands for the same sound as the h in the English word house. But in many other cases it is a silent h which is not pronounced. The silent h always appears at the end of a word. In traditional transliteration schemes for Persian, the silent h is included in the words. For example, in padideh (phenomenon), Zohreh (Venus), shâneh (comb) and parandeh (bird).

In our transliteration Scheme we have chosen not to include the silent h in the words, again trying to keep the scheme as close to word pronunciations as possible. In eFarsi, the above examples, are written as padide (phenomenon), Zohre (a female name), shâne or alternatively shaane (comb) and parande (bird).

Here are some examples of words where the h is not silent: havâ (air), pahn (wide), râh (way), beh (quince), bahbah! (wow, exclaiming enjoyment, appreciation and in sometimes sarcasm).

Section 5: Tashdid

Tashdid in Persian and Arabic is a sign (similar to a small w) which is placed on a consonant to replace a double occurrence of the consonant. Most transliteration schemes indicate this by including two occurrences of the corresponding consonant. eFarsi follows the same principle. In English, for example, many words include double consecutive consonants: little, connect, occurrence. The difference between Persian and English is that, in Persian, both occurrences are pronounced. Here are some example words:

   matte (drill)
   mosallaman (surely) 
   jâdde (road)
   tavallod (birth)

which are pronounced as mat-te, mosal-laman, jâd-de and taval-lod respectively.

Section 6: Ezâfe

Ezâfe (e or ye) is an inflectional morpheme which is used to indicate some grammatical aspect of the word. it is comparable with 's when used in possessive case, and also with modifiers in noun combinations in English language.

Since ezâfe occurs so often, we have chosen to write it separately rather than adding it as a postfix. This way some ambiguities in syntactical analysis of words are avoided.

Ezâfe is written in the following forms:

• as e, if the word ends with a consonant, for example:

   ruz e âftâbi  (a sunny day)
   ruz (day), âftâb (sun), âftabi (sunny)
   
   ketâb e man (my book)
   (ketâb (book), man (I))

   miz e motâle'e (study table)
   miz (table), motâle'e (study)

   rang e qermez (red color)
   rang (color), qermez (red or crimson)

• as ye, if the word ends with a vowel, for example:

   sedâ ye boland  (loud voice)
   sedâ (voice/sound), boland (loud)

   ru ye miz (on the table, above the table)
   ru (on, above), miz (table)

   havâ ye xub (good air)
   (havâ (air), xub (good, well))

• There are some exceptions to the above cases. For example, if a word ends with the letter "y", then it is treated as a consonant.
  Examples:

   chây e iran (Iranian tea)
   ra'y e mardom (people's vote, the wish of the people)
   baray e to (for you)

      ruz e âftâbi (sunny day)
      qorub e xorshid (sunset)
      joz' e kuchak (small part)
      farsh e dast bâft (hand-made carpet)
      kashti ye Nuh (Noah's ship)
      xâne ye mâ (our house)
      sedâ ye boland (loud voice)
      kâdo ye tavallod (birthday present)
      jangju ye dalir (brave fighter)
      ketâb e riyâzi ye novin e man (my modern maths book)

ruz e âftâbi (sunny day)

âftâbi ruz (sunny day)

Section 7: Compound Words

Compound words are formed by joining two or more individual words. Such words are numerous in Farsi. Compounds are made up of different speech parts. They combine in nine different ways. There is no fixed rule for writing them in Persian, so it seems very hard to find a general rule for transliterating compounds. The main concern is how to write them, connected or disconnected, in particular when words get very long. In some Central and North European languages there is no fear of long compound words. We have mainly chosen the English style and in most cases we construct compounds by inserting a dash ("-") between individual words.

      xosh-raftâr (well-behaved)
      nâz-parvarde (someone who is brought up with
                    love and affection)
      mehmân-navâz (hospitable person)
      xerad-pishe (humble person)
      gushe-neshin (withdrawn)
      faryâd-ras (helper)
      barâdar-zâde (brother's offspring)
      zamin-larze (earthquake)
      âb-pâsh (watering-can)
      farâmush-kâr (absent-minded)
      âtash-afruz (person that starts a fire usually meaning a
                   person that starts heated discussions or
                   loaded situations.)
      dowlat-mard (political leader)
      dast-poxt (cooking)
      xosh-lebâs (someone that dresses well)

Sometimes compound words are constructed by connecting two closely related words (usually synonyms) with "va" (and) which takes a brief form "o":

      jost o ju (n. search)
      shost o shu (n. washing)
      goft o gu (n. conversation)
      kâr o bâr (n. work)
      âs o pâs (n. hopeless)
      seft o saxt (n. solid and hard)
      did o bâzdid (n. visiting each other)
      raft o âmad (n. commuting)
      bi kas o kâr (n. person without relatives and job)
      bi nâm o neshân (n. person without name and address)

Some of these constructions have gradually taken the form of a primitive single word. At the same time the "o" has been transformed to an "e", for example, josteju [jost o ju], shosteshu [shost o shu].

Section 8: Plurals

In Persian, plurals are constructed by either adding the postfix "hâ" or "ân" to the end of the word. In eFarsi transliteration, these are simply added to the end of the word and not written seperately. Here are some examples:

      sib (apple)     sibhâ (apples)
      ketâb (book)    ketâbhâ (books)
      zan (woman)     zanân (women)
                      zanhâ (women)
      shab (night)    shabhâ (nights)

An alternative way would have been to write the plural postfix separately, for example, "sib hâ" instead of "sibhâ" just like when we write the Ezâfe seperately. However, we have decided to join these ending to the words.

This rule also applies to foreign words that have entered Farsi. For example, ketâb (book) which was mentioned above is an arabic word. However, the arabic plural for many words also occur in Farsi.

Section 9: Names

Examples for training your eyes

â       âb             bârân          guyâ
a       abâ            tars           na
b       bâmdâd         nabid          shab
p       parastu        sepâs          tup
t       teshne         âshti          sokut
s       sepide         hasti          pârs
j       jahân          vojud          mowj
c       cehre          kuce           kuc
ch      chehre         kuche          kuch
h       hush           nahân          panâh
x       xorush         saxt           farâx
kh      khorush        sakht          farâkh
d       dânesh         tadbir         shâd
z       zâyesh         ruzgâr         râz
r       ruyesh         shegarf        bahâr
zh      zharf          pazhuhesh      kuzh
sh      shâdi          xoshnud        sorush
gh      gham           arghavân       simorgh
q       qalb           meqdâr         barq
f       farhixte       afsâne         gazâf
k       kushâ          niki           pâk
g       gol            hengâm         bâng
l       larzân         pahlavân       bâl
m       masti          peymân         ârâm
n       nasim          minu           javân
v       vojud          mive           sarv
y       yazdân         peyvand        ra'y

Here is a poem by Xayyâm
tâ chand hadis e panj o châr ey sâqi
moshkel che yeki che sad hezâr ey sâqi

xâkim hame, chang besâz ey sâqi
bâdim hame, bâde biyâr ey sâqi


Here are some expressions and sentences 
for your trip to Iran (this list is under construction)
((pardon me)
 (bebaxshid))

((excuse me)
 (bebaxshid))

((hi)
 (salâm))

((please)
 (xâhesh mikonam))

((it doesn't matter)
 (eybi nadârad))

((it doesn't matter)
 (mohem nist))

((in jây e man ast)
 (this is my seat))

((what is your seat number ?)
 (shomâre ye sandali ye shomâ chand ast ?))

((my seat number is 5A)
 (shomâre ye sandali ye man 5A ast))

((thank you)
 (xeyli mamnun))

((thank you)
 (mersi))

((thank you)
 (motashakkeram))

((thank you)
 (sepâs gozâram))

((how long is the flight?)
 (parvâz cand sâat ast?))

Numbers and counting

((one)
 (yek))

((two)
 (do))

((three)
 (se))

((four)
 (cahâr))

((five)
 (panj))

((six)
 (shish))

((seven)
 (haft))

((eight)
 (hasht))

((nine)
 (noh))

((ten)
 (dah))

((eleven)
 (yâzdah))

((Twelve)
 (davâzdah))

((thirteen)
 (sizdah))

((fourteen)
 (chahârdah))

((fifteen)
 (pânzdah))

((sixteen)
 (shânzdah))

((seventeen)
 (hevdah))

((eighteen)
 (hejdah))

((nineteen)
 (nuzdah))

((twenty)
 (bist))

((twenty one)
 (bist o yek))

((twenty two)
 (bist o do))

((twenty nine)
 (bist o noh))

((thirty)
 (si))

((thirty one)
 (si o yek))

((forty)
 (cehel))

((fifty)
 (panjâh))

((sixty)
 (shast))

((seventy)
 (haftâd))

((eighty)
 (hashtâd))

((ninety)
 (navad))

((hundred)
 (sad))

((hundred and one)
 (sad o yek))

((two hundred)
 (devist))

((three hundred)
 (sisad))

((four hundred)
 (chahârsad))

((five hundred)
 (pânsad))

((six hundred)
 (sheshsad))

((seven hundred)
 (hafsad))

((eight hundred)
 (hashtsad))

((nine hundred)
 (nohsad))

((one thousand)
 (hezâr))

((one thousand and one hundred and one)
 (hezâr o sad o yek))

((one thousand and one hundred and one)
 (yek hezâr o yek sad o yek))

((one thousand and one)
 (yek hezâr o yek))

((two thousand)
 (do hezâr))

((ten thousand)
 (dah hezâr))

((hundred thousand)
 (sad hezâr))

((one million)
 (yek milyon))

((two millions)
 (do milyon))

((quarter)
 (rob'))

((half)
 (nim))

((one third)
 (yek sevvom))

((three fifth)
 (se panjom))

((first)
 (avval))

((first)
 (naxost))

((the first)
 (naxostin))

((the first)
 (avvali))

((first book)
 (ketâb e naxost))

((the first book)
 (avvalin ketâb))

((the first book)
 (naxostin ketâb))

((second)
 (dovvom))

((third)
 (sevvom))         ; chahârom, panjom, and so on ...

Simple Interactions

((what is your name?)
 (esm e shoma cist?))

((my name is Ali Pardis)
 (esm e man Ali Pardis ast))
 
((are you Ali?)
 (shomâ Ali hastid?))
 
((are you not Ali?)
 (shomâ Ali nistid?))
 
((yes, i am)
 (bale, hastam))

((no, I am not)
 (na, nistam))

((is Ali at home ?)
 (Ali xâne ast ?))
 
((Ali is at home)
 (Ali xâne ast))
 
((is Goli also at home ?)
 (Goli ham xâne ast ?))
 
((yes, she is)
 (bale, hast))
 
((ms. Goli Pardis is out)
 (xânom e Goli Pardis xâne nist))
 
((good evening)
 (asr bexeyr))
 
((good morning)
 (sobh bexeyr))
 
((good night)
 (shab xosh))

((good night)
 (shab bexeyr))
 
((good bye)
 (xodâ hâfez))

((hi)
 (dorud))

((hi)
 (salâm))

((where is the chair ?)
 (sandali kojâ ast ?))
 
((it is here ?)
 (injâ ast ?))
 
((table)
 (miz))

((on the table)
 (ru ye miz))

((on the table)
 (ru miz))

((put it on the table !)
 (ân râ ru ye miz begozâr !))

((under the table)
 (zir e miz))

((left)
 (chap))

((right)
 (râst))

((turn !)
 (bepich !))

((the house is beautiful)
 (xâne zibâ ast))

((house)
 (xâne))
 
((the house is beautiful, but not very big)
 (xâne zibâ ast , vali xayli bozorg nist))
 
((is it a long road?)
 (jâdde ye tulâniyi ast?))
 
((no, it is short)
 (na, kutâh ast))
 
((the man is not in the room)
 (mard e dar xâne nist))
 
((i have, you have not)
 (man dâram, shomâ nadârid))
 
((you have, i have not)
 (shomâ darid, man nadâram))
 
((i told her)
 (man be u goftam))
 
((do you have the letter?)
 (âyâ shomâ nâmeh râ dârid?))
 
((do they have the book)
 (âyâ ânhâ ketâb râ dârand))
 
((have you written)
 (âyâ neveshte'id))
 
((i have bought it)
 (man ân râ xarideam))
 
((i have not found the address)
 (man âdres râ peydâ nakardeam))
 
((she has read the book)
 (u ketâb râ xânde ast))
 
((my book)
 (ketâb e man))

((my book)
 (ketâbam))

((your book)
 (ketâb e to))

((your book)
 (ketâbat))

((her book)
 (ketâb e u))

((her book)
 (ketâbash))

((his book)
 (ketâb e u))

((his book)
 (ketâbash))

((our book)
 (ketâb e mâ))

((our book)
 (ketâbemân))

((your book)      ; plural and polite for singular
 (ketâb e shomâ))

((your book)
 (ketâbetân))

((their book)
 (ketâb e ânhâ))

((their book)
 (ketâbeshân))
 
((your lighter)
 (fandak e shoma))
 
((their school)
 (madrese ye ânhâ))
 
((our bus)
 (utubus e mâ))
 
((i understand)
 (man mifahmam))     ; man can be dropped

((i understand)
 (mifahmam))

((you understand)
 (to mifahmi))       ; to can be dropped

((you understand)
 (mifahmi))

((she understands)
 (u mifahmad))       ; u can be dropped

((we understand)
 (mâ mifahmim))      ; mâ can be dropped

((you understand)    ; plural
 (shomâ mifahmid))   ; shomâ can be dropped

((they understand)
 (ânhâ mifahmand))   ; anhâ can be dropped


((welcome)
 (xosh âmadid))
 
((the room is not ours, it is theirs)
 (otâq e mal e ma nist, mal e ânhâ ast))
 
((the chair is not mine, it is his)
 (sandali e mal e man nist, mal e u ast))
 
((his friend is your brother)
 (dust e u barâdar e shomâ ast))
 
((how do i get to the bus station?)
 (cetowri mitunam beram istgâh e otobus?))
 
((how much does it cost?)
 (ceqadr mishavad?))
 
((will it be on time?)
 (sare vaqt xâhad bud?))
 
((my friend's name is Ali)
 (esm e dust e man Ali ast))
 
((which house is hers)
 (kodâm xâne mâl e u ast))
 
((my bag is not here)
 (sâk e man injâ nist))
 
((my bag has not arrived)
 (sâk e man nareside ast))
 
((she has not arrived yet)
 (u hanuz nareside ast))
 
((do you have any matches?)
 (shomâ kebrit dârid))
 
((my bag is blue)
 (sâk e man âbi ast))

((black)
 (siyâh))

((white)
 (sefid))

((green)
 (sabz))

((red)
 (qermez))

((yellow)
 (zard))
 
((when will the bus arrive?)
 (otobus key mirese?))
 
((can you help me please?)
 (mitavânid lotfan be man komak bekonid?))
 
((can you help me find this place?)
 (mitavânid be man komak bekonid injâ râ peydâ bekonam?))
 
((i do not understand what you are saying)
 (man nemifahmam shomâ ce miguyid))
 
((what is the name of this street?)
 (esm e in xiyâbân ce ast?))
 
((how much do i have to pay?)
 (ce qadr bâyad pardâxt bekonam?))
 
((how much do i have to pay?)
 (ce qadr mishe?))
 
((what is the name of this shop?)
 (esm e in maghâze ci ast?))
 
((what time is it?)
 (sâ'at cand ast?))
 
((what time is it?)
 (sâ'at cande?))
 
((what day is today?)
 (emruz cand shanbe ast?))
 
((what day is today?)
 (emruz ce ruzi ast?))
 
((today is a nice day)
 (emruz ruz e xubi ast))
 
((where do you live?)
 (shomâ kojâ zendegi mikonid?))
 
((i live in iran)
 (man dar irân zendegi mikonam))
 
((embassy)
 (sefârat))
 
((where is the Canadian Embassy?)
 (sefârat e Kânâdâ kojâ ast?))
 
((where is the Canadian Embassy?)
 (sefârat e Kânâdâ kojâst?))
 
((i want to make a telephone call)
 (man mixâham telefon bezanam))
 
((bank)
 (bânk))
 
((money)
 (pul))
 
((money exchange office)
 (sarrâfi))
 
((i want to change 100 dollars)
 (man mixâham 100 dolâr tabdil bekonam))
 
((what are office hours of the bank?)
 (sâ'ât e kâr e bânk key ast?))
 
((do you accept Visa credit cards?)
 (shoma kârt e Visa qabul mikonid?))
 
((i want to rent a car)
 (man mixâham yek mâshin kerâye bekonam))
 
((for one day)
 (barây e yek ruz))

((one week)
 (yek hafte))

Metric Time Units

((second)
 (sâniye))
 
((minute)
 (daqiqe))
 
((sâ'at)
 (hour))
 
((day)
 (ruz))
 
((week)
 (hafte))
 
((month)
 (mâh))
 
((year)
 (sâl))
 
((decade)
 (dahe))
 
((century)
 (qarn))
 
((forbidden)
 (mamnu'))
 
((open)
 (bâz))
 
((closed)
 (baste))
 
((way in)
 (vorudi))
 
((way out)
 (xoruji))
 
((vacant)
 (âzâd))
 
((engaged)
 (eshghâl))

((empty)
 (xâli))
 
((about)
 (taqriban))

Time

((day)
 (ruz))

((morning)
 (sobh))

((night)
 (shab))

((noon)
 (zohr))

((afternoon)
 (ba'd az zohr))

((before noon)
 (qabl az zohr))

((dawn)
 (pegâh))

((early morning)
 (sobh e zud))

((late afternoon)
 (asr))

((evening)
 (ghorub))

((sunrise)
 (tolu'))

((sunset)
 (ghorub))

((year)
 (sâl))

((decade)
 (dahe))

((century)
 (sade))

((century)
 (qarn))

((millinium)
 (hezâre))

((what time is it?)
 (sâ'at chande?))
 
((it is 5 o'clock)
 (sâ'at 5 ast))                ; panj = 5
 
((it is 12)
 (12 ast))                     ; davâzdah = 12
 
((it is 12:30)
 (sâ'at davâzdah o nim ast))   ; davâzdah o nim = 12:30

((it is 12:30)
 (sâ'at davâzdah o si ast))    ; it is twelve thirty
 
((it is 12:15)
 (sâ'at davâzdah o rob' ast))  ; rob' = quarter
 
((it is 12:45)
 (sâ'at yek rob' be yek ast))  ; yek = 1
 
((it is 10 to 12)
 (sâ'at 10 daqiqe be 12 ast))
 
((it is 10 past 12)
 (sâ'at 12 va 10 daqiqe ast))

Food

((water)
 (âb))

((salt)
 (namak))

((sugar)
 (shekar))

((bread)
 (nân))
 
((drink)
 (nushâbe))
 
((breakfast)
 (sobhâne))
 
((dinner)
 (shâm))
 
((sandwich)
 (sândevich))
 
((salad)
 (sâlâd))
 
((rice)
 (berenj))
 
((butter)
 (kare))
 
((meat)
 (gusht))

((tomato)
 (gowje))

((cucumber)
 (xiyâr))

((cheese)
 (panir))

((yughort)
 (mâst))

((onion)
 (piyâz))

((jam)
 (morabbâ))

((honey)
 (asal))

((lemon)
 (limu))

((lemon juice)
 (âb e limu))

((tea)
 (chây))

((coffee)
 (qahve))

((cake)
 (keyk))